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TIME: Almanac of the 20th Century
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TIME, Almanac of the 20th Century.ISO
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1990
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90
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jul_sep
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0917600.000
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<text>
<title>
(Sep. 17, 1990) Reopening The Gate Of America
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Sep. 17, 1990 The Rotting Of The Big Apple
</history>
<link 07982>
<link 08241>
<link 00015><article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
HISTORY, Page 68
Reopening the Gate of America
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Once the point of entry for millions of immigrants, then a
ghostly ruin, Ellis Island begins a new life
</p>
<p> In 1906 H.G. Wells visited the great immigration center at
Ellis Island, about a mile off the lower tip of Manhattan. The
distinguished British writer and advance man for the future
wanted to see for himself how arrivals from the Old World were
ushered into the new one. He found the process strangely
unceremonious. "On they go, from this pen to that," he wrote,
"pen by pen, towards a desk at a little metal wicket--the
gate of America."
</p>
<p> If Ellis Island was a paradox, a place where dreams bumped
up against bureaucracy, it was no less a place where one of the
most powerful currents of American life flowed by. Between 1892
and 1924, 12 million immigrants first touched U.S. soil there.
Forty percent of all Americans can look back to an ancestor who
passed through its doors. Abandoned more than three decades
ago, Ellis Island reopens its doors this week as pure, potent
symbol. After a seven-year, $156 million restoration, the most
expensive single refurbishment in the nation's history, the
main building has been transformed into a monument to the
majesty and pain of the immigrant experience.
</p>
<p> While many of the rooms have been restored as the bare
examination chambers they once were, about half the sizable
structure has been converted into the Ellis Island Museum of
Immigration. There films, artifacts, oral histories and 1,500
photographs will attempt to tell the story of not only the
mostly European arrivals who passed through Ellis Island but
also the millions who came during other eras, from other places
and through other points of entry: Africans hauled by force to
Southern slave markets, Latin Americans who trekked northward,
Asians who flew into San Francisco.
</p>
<p> "So often when America builds a monument, it's to one great
individual," says American University history professor Alan
Kraut, who was an adviser on the project. "What is so special
about Ellis Island is it really is a monument to the masses."
The chief monument is the main building itself, a beaux arts
structure with French Renaissance trappings that was erected
in 1900 after fire destroyed an earlier terminal. Immigration
dropped off sharply after Congress imposed restrictive quotas
in the 1920s, and by 1954 Ellis Island was abandoned to the
pigeons and vandals. Its revival was supervised by the Statue
of Liberty-Ellis Island restoration project, which raised
money from private and corporate contributions, and by the
National Park Service, which owns the 27.5-acre island.
</p>
<p> The average time that immigrants spent in the main building
was short (three to five hours) but fateful. After depositing
their baggage, they headed for the immense, vaulted Registry
Room on the second floor. The stairway climb was called the
"60-second physical" because nurses and doctors were perched
at the top to weed out anyone who looked short of breath--a
possible sign of tuberculosis and heart disease. Then came more
formal medical examinations and questions about the newcomers'
politics. Anarchists and Bolsheviks were sent home. Others were
singled out for further medical testing and possible expulsion.
</p>
<p> Eventually the would-be Americans found themselves at the
other end of the hall, facing what came to be called the
"staircase of separation." There they divided, some bound for
New York City, some for cities elsewhere and a hapless third
group diverted to detention rooms on the island. Only about 2%
of arrivals were denied entry, mostly for reasons of health or
politics, but during peak years it could be as many as 1,000
a month.
</p>
<p> In its busiest year, 1907, more than 1.2 million people
filed through that chamber. Now the place will be filled again:
perhaps 1.5 million visitors are expected this year. "The idea
is to let them muse on what the space was like," says architect
John Belle, whose firm was one of two that shared the
restoration work, "filled with a Babel of voices, with the
people inching their way to the end." Once again, Ellis Island
is to be the gate of America. This time, it opens onto the
past.
</p>
<p>By Richard Lacayo. Reported by Daniel S. Levy/New York.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>